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''Sayyid'' (also spelled "Seyd", "Syed", "Sayed", "Sayyed", "Saiyid", "Seyed" and "Seyyed") (, or (:ˈsæjjed), (アラビア語:سيد); meaning ''Mister'') (plural ''Sadah'' (アラビア語:سادة), ) is an honorific title denoting males accepted as descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad through his grandsons, Hasan ibn Ali and Husayn ibn Ali, sons of Muhammad's daughter Fatimah and his son-in-law Ali (Ali ibn Abi Talib).〔Ho, Engseng. 2006. Graves of Tarim. University of California Press. Berkeley. p. 149〕 Conventionally, descent is patrilineal. However, in 1632 when an Ottoman court challenged a man wearing a ''sayyids green turban he established that he was a ''sayyid'' on his mother's side, and this was accepted by the court.〔 Daughters of ''sayyids'' are given the titles ''Sayyida'', ''Alawiyah'', or ''Sharifa''. In some regions of the Islamic world, e.g., India, the descendants of Muhammad are given the title ''Amir'' or Mir, meaning "commander", "general", or "prince".〔(Titles of Sayyids ). Written by Al- Sayyid Sadiq Al- Hossaini Al- Eshkevari. Translated by Mehdi sajjadi.〕 In the Arab world, it is the equivalent of the English word "liege lord" or "master" when referring to a descendant of Muhammad, as in ''Sayyid Ali Sultan.''〔Cleveland, W.L. & Bunton, M. (2009). ''A history of the modern middle east, 4th edition.'' Philadelphia, PA: Westview Press.〕 This is the reason the word ''sidi'' (from the contracted form ''sayyidī'', 'my liege') is used in the Arabic.〔People of India by Herbert Risely〕 In the early period, the Arabs used the term ''Sayyid'' and ''Sharif'' to denote descendants from both Hasan and Husayn. However, in the modern era, the term 'Sharif' (for female it is called ''Sharifah '') has been used to denote descendants from Hasan and the term 'Sayyid' (for female it is called ''Sayyidah'') has been used to denote descendants from Husayn.〔.Sayyids are denoted by Bukhari,Taqi,Rizvi,Shah,Sherin, Sabzwari,Taqwi,Hashmi,Qureshi.(Encyclopaedic Ethnography of Middle-East and Central Asia: A-I, Volume 1 ) edited by R. Khanam〕 Although reliable statistics are unavailable, conservative estimates put the number of Sayyids in the tens of millions. ==Indication of descent== The Sayyids are by definition a branch of the tribe of Banu Hashim, a clan from the tribe of Quraish that traces its lineage to Adnan and thence to Ishmael (Ismâ`îl) the son of Abraham (Ibrahim). Sayyids often include the following titles in their names to indicate the figure from whom they trace their descent.〔〔(Islamic Names: An Introduction ) By Annemarie Schimmel〕 NOTE: (For non-Arabic speakers) When transliterating Arabic words into English there are two approaches. * 1. The user may transliterate the word letter for letter, e.g., "الزيدي" becomes "a-l-z-ai-d-i". * 2. The user may transcribe the pronunciation of the word, e.g., "الزيدي" becomes "a-zz-ai-d-i". This is because in Arabic grammar, some consonants (''n, r, s, sh, t'' and ''z'') cancel the ''l'' (ل) from the word "the" ''al'' (ال) (see sun and moon letters). When the user sees the prefixes ''an'', ''ar'', ''as'', ''ash'', ''at'', ''az'', etc... this means the word is the transcription of the pronunciation. * An ''i'', ''wi'' (Arabic), or ''vi'' (Persian) ending could perhaps be translated by the English suffixes ''ite'' or ''ian''. The suffix transforms a personal name, or a place name, into the name of a group of people connected by lineage or place of birth. Hence ''Ahmad al-Hassani'' could be translated as ''Ahmad, the descendant of Hassan'' and ''Ahmad al-Manami'' as ''Ahmad from the city of Manami''. For further explanation, see Arabic names. 1Also, El-Husseini, Al-Husseini, Husseini, and Hussaini. 2Those who use the term ''Sayyid'' for all descendants of Ali ibn Abi Talib regard Allawis or Alavis as Sayyids. However Allawis are not descendants of Muhammad, as they are descended from the children of Ali and the women he married after the death of Fatima, such as Umm ul-Banin (Fatima bint Hizam). Those who limit the term ''Sayyid'' to descendants of Muhammad through Fatima, will not consider Allawis/Alavis to be ''Sayyids''. 3This transliteration is usually reserved for the Alawites sect. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sayyid」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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